Discovering the Fascination of Amateur Radio:

 Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is a captivating hobby that opens up a world of possibilities. We’ll delve into the allure of amateur radio, highlighting its rich history, global community, and the boundless opportunities for learning, exploration, and service. Whether you’re interested in long-distance communications, emergency preparedness, technical experimentation, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, amateur radio has something for everyone.

Exploring the Basics of Amateur Radio:

 In this section, we’ll provide a comprehensive overview of the essentials to help you get started. We’ll cover the equipment needed for an amateur radio setup, including transceivers, antennas, and accessories. Additionally, we’ll explore the process of obtaining an amateur radio license, discussing the different license classes and the exciting possibilities each class offers.

Participating in Amateur Radio Events:

 Amateur radio enthusiasts often come together to participate in exciting events and contests. We’ll highlight notable events like Field Day, where operators set up temporary stations in outdoor locations, and contest weekends, which test your skills in making as many contacts as possible. These events offer opportunities for camaraderie, competition, and the chance to showcase your expertise.

Unleashing the Power of Communication:

 Amateur radio is all about connecting with others, locally and across the globe. We’ll explore the various communication modes available, from traditional voice transmissions to cutting-edge digital modes and even satellite operations. You’ll discover the joy of making contacts, exchanging QSL cards, participating in nets, and engaging in fascinating conversations that transcend geographical boundaries.

Embracing the Adventure of DXing:

 DXing, or making long-distance contacts, is a thrilling aspect of amateur radio. We’ll delve into the art of DXing, discussing propagation, band conditions, and techniques for successful DXing. You’ll learn how to unlock the magic of distant communications, chasing elusive stations, and expanding your horizons through exciting QSOs with operators in far-flung corners of the world.

Delving into Special Interest Areas:

 Amateur radio offers a wide array of special interest areas that cater to diverse passions. We’ll explore popular niches such as contesting, where operators compete to make as many contacts as possible within a specified time frame. We’ll also delve into satellite communication, where you can engage in QSOs using orbiting satellites, and portable operations, which allow you to take your radio adventures to new locations.

Embracing Lifelong Learning:

 Amateur radio is a journey of continuous learning and personal growth. We’ll discuss the abundance of educational resources available, from online forums and communities to books, podcasts, and hands-on workshops. Whether you’re interested in honing your technical skills, mastering Morse code, or exploring the intricacies of antenna design, there’s always something new to discover and learn in the world of amateur radio.

Taking Ham Radio Portable:

 Amateur radio is not limited to your home station. We’ll discuss the joys of portable operations, where you can take your radio gear to parks, mountains, beaches, or any location of your choice. Portable operations offer a breath of fresh air, allowing you to combine your passion for radio with the love of nature and exploration.

Congratulations on taking the first step toward an exciting amateur radio adventure! The Amateur Radio Blog is your trusted companion as you navigate this captivating realm of wireless communication. From equipment choices to licensing, from making contacts to exploring special interest areas, we’re here to inspire, inform, and support you along your journey.

Stay tuned for our upcoming articles, where we’ll delve deeper into specific aspects of amateur radio, ChatGPT Plugins Development, share inspiring stories from fellow operators, and provide valuable tips and tricks to enhance your ham radio experience. Remember, amateur radio is not just a hobby; it’s a gateway to a world of possibilities, connecting you with a vibrant community of enthusiasts and fostering a lifelong passion for wireless communication.

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Introduction to the History of Radio

The history of radio begins with the discovery of radio waves by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864. It was not until the late 19th century that several inventors, including Heinrich Hertz, Guglielmo Marconi, and Nikola Tesla, began experimenting with wireless communication. Marconi became the first person to send and receive radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean, marking the birth of modern radio communication.

Invention of the Radio

The invention of the radio is attributed to several individuals, but the most notable was Marconi. He developed the first practical wireless telegraphy system, which he demonstrated in 1895. The system used a spark transmitter and a coherer receiver to transmit Morse code messages over a distance of several miles. Marconi’s invention revolutionized communication, making it possible to transmit information wirelessly for the first time.

Early Radio Broadcasting

The first radio broadcast is often credited to KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which aired the presidential election results on November 2, 1920. However, prior to this, there were several experimental broadcasts by amateur radio operators, including the first voice transmission by Reginald Fessenden on Christmas Eve in 1906. Radio broadcasting quickly became popular, and by the mid-1920s, there were hundreds of radio stations across the United States.

The Golden Age of Radio

The 1930s and 1940s are known as the “Golden Age” of radio, a time when radio was the primary source of entertainment and news for millions of people. During this period, radio programs ranged from dramas and comedies to music and variety shows. Some of the most popular shows included “The Lone Ranger,” “The Shadow,” and “The Jack Benny Program.” Radio also played a significant role in shaping public opinion, with broadcasts by Franklin D. Roosevelt and his fireside chats.

The Impact of Radio during World War II

During World War II, radio played a critical role in relaying information to the public and the military. It was used for propaganda, news reports, and morale-boosting broadcasts. Radio operators were also instrumental in intercepting enemy transmissions, providing valuable intelligence to the Allies. The war also spurred technological advancements in radio, including the development of radar and the use of radio navigation.

The Rise of FM Radio

In the 1950s and 1960s, radio technology continued to evolve. The introduction of FM radio, which offered superior sound quality, helped to usher in a new era of radio broadcasting. AM radio remained popular for news and talk shows, while FM radio became the primary medium for music. Some of the most popular FM radio stations of the era included WNEW-FM in New York and KSAN-FM in San Francisco.

The Introduction of Satellite and Internet Radio

In the 1990s, satellite radio was introduced, offering listeners a wider range of programming options and better sound quality. Satellite radio services like SiriusXM quickly gained popularity, providing access to hundreds of commercial-free music channels and exclusive programming. The rise of the internet also led to the introduction of internet radio, which allowed listeners to stream radio stations from around the world using their computers or mobile devices.

The Evolution of Radio Advertising

Radio advertising has been an essential part of the medium since its inception. In the early days of radio, advertising was primarily done through sponsorships of individual programs. Today, radio advertising has evolved to include commercials, endorsements, and product placement. The rise of internet radio has also led to new opportunities for advertising, including targeted ads based on listener demographics.

The Future of Radio

Despite the rise of new technologies, radio remains a popular medium for entertainment and information. In recent years, podcasting has become increasingly popular, offering listeners a new way to consume audio content. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that the future of radio will involve new forms of content delivery, including virtual and augmented reality.

Conclusion

Radio has come a long way since its inception, from the early experiments with wireless communication to modern satellite and internet radio. It has played a significant role in shaping our culture and the way we consume news and entertainment. While the medium has faced many challenges over the years, it remains an essential part of our daily lives. As we look to the future, it will be exciting to see how radio continues to evolve and adapt to new technologies and changing consumer preferences.

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In the 1940s and 1950s, media observers who were enamored with television confidently predicted the demise of radio. They claimed that the experience of watching moving pictures in the coziness of a living room could not be replicated by the medium.

The emergence of rock and roll, which embodied the youth uprising against the conservatism of the decades before it, gave radio a larger audience than before and disproved the forecasts of the pessimists.

Since then, radio has proven to be the ultimate survivor, adjusting to the preferences of younger listener generations and incorporating modern technologies. It countered the risks posed by personal video recorders and digital compact discs in the 1980s and 1990s by placing a larger emphasis on listener-driven programming. By the late 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, radio stations were reinventing themselves to target specific audiences. These stations included talk radio, punk rock stations, and even stations that played music by a single band 24 hours a day, predating the emergence of Spotify and iTunes by at least ten years.

The reports of radio’s demise are therefore much overstated, to paraphrase Mark Twain.

The radio is still the most accessible and portable medium: a radio costs $50, making it cheaper than a cell phone or TV.

Audio programs easily overcome literacy-related barriers, enabling even the illiterate to understand and absorb news and information. The price associated with producing content is often between one-fifth and one-tenth that of producing images. This makes broadcasting in a dizzying array of languages, dialects, and artistic forms more affordable.

Since the technology has been around for more than a century, it is also not particularly complex. Today, even non-technical people may design and create broadcast transmitters and receivers. Radio has historically been the preferred medium for activists and social movements, and for good reason. Additionally, it continues to be one of the most commonly reported habits worldwide to listen to the morning news on the radio. Local radio stations that may serve niche demographics in specific geographic areas are multipling due to radio’s accessibility and affordability.

Radio is vanishing. We are viewing the medium’s penultimate iteration as it tries to appeal to an aging population.

The antiquated technology of radio and all associated content formats will soon be replaced by the internet. With the improved interactive capability of the Internet, radio is not even comparable.

People from all over the world can create their own channels using streaming platforms. The Internet has already triumphed in the music war thanks to programs like Apple Music, Gaana, and Saavn.

Users of streaming apps can play anything they want, even replaying whole playlists. Each person has an app on their smartphone that “understands” their musical preferences and introduces them to new music by creating playlists based on what they are likely to enjoy.

Internet-based radio

Sports commentary innovations, interactive game shows, hyper-local news and events, the presence of an extraordinary array of frequencies, and a sound monetisation plan are just a few of the reasons that could have postponed the inevitable (death of the radio) by a little bit.

Radio programming will likely still need to use the Internet as its distribution technology even if it were to magically rediscover itself. To put it another way, even if people were to listen to what is broadcast on the radio, they would do it online.

It follows that even if the “art of radio” (read: “audio”) survives, it won’t “truly” survive.

We are witnessing the final iteration of a bygone technology used to serve an aging consumer base. Radio is becoming less and less relevant to our nation’s youth as time goes on.

Radio’s growth can be aided by diversification.

Radio is still useful, yes. Although it is simple to claim that everything has gone digital, radio is still alive and well. The importance of radio in times of disaster, like the recent floods in Mumbai, cannot be stressed even now.

A portable radio is something that costs nothing, doesn’t require Internet bandwidth, and can be used anywhere.

However, I see difficulties for the medium in the future. Our media landscape is rapidly evolving, and radio faces fierce competition from new media. Lack of an appropriate measurement tool is one of its problems. You can gauge the audience when using a digital platform. There isn’t a reliable scientific metric available to gauge radio content. Many evaluations still depend heavily on perception. One of the main problems facing the radio industry is this.

Integration, harmony, and participation

Hybrid radio, or the use of the convergence of layered technologies to provide new radio services, is at the heart of HRadio. The goal is to create compelling new radio services made possible by technologies such as infrastructure, call tracking review, and development libraries. This will make it possible to provide time- and location-independent linear radio services that are easily integrated with personalized content on demand, wherever and whenever the listener wants it.

To achieve this goal, researchers are creating hybrid features and prototypes that target three important areas: integration, harmonization, and user experience. Initially, scientists developed 47 examples of the use of streaming technologies in live radio broadcasting. Examples include interactive features such as song and artist recommendations, the ability to pause and resume without missing a beat, and a feature that seamlessly transfers a listening session from a mobile app to a car radio. One use case even allows users to instantly replace music from their Spotify playlist whenever the radio plays a song they don’t like!

The future of radio

Today’s research efforts are focused on building and evaluating prototypes that include some of these features. For example, the HRadio application broadcasts metadata-enhanced radio over the Internet using a technology known as Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) over IP. A distinctive feature of the prototype is the timeshift function, which allows users to play, skip or pause the radio broadcast. In addition, the app has a social component that allows users to interact with the radio station and share updates. The HRadio online view and the HRadio car app are more like prototypes.

Each of these ideas “complements the identity of live radio with a range of streaming benefits.” As a result, we are not only educating a new generation of listeners, but also contributing to the future of this important media. In order to complete large-scale testing using developed prototypes, the project was recently extended. Along with radio stations across Europe, the team is actively collaborating with Belgian and German broadcasters to integrate some of the project’s early features into their live programming.

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Take an electromagnetic wave. It is a sine wave, an oscillation of magnetic and electric field strength vectors. “Where is the information here?” you ask, and there is a reason for that question.

The sine wave itself does not carry any information. It is the modulation of the signal that is used to transmit the data. There are different types of modulation:

• amplitude;
• phase;
• frequency;
• Amplitude-frequency.

For example, the abbreviation FM means frequency modulation.
Modulation is a change in one of the signal parameters.

Frequency modulation is a change in frequency. Amplitude modulation is a change in amplitude. Of course, the change is not a simple one, but a carrier.

We have a carrier signal (carrier oscillation) and an information signal (speech, sound, music). Modulation of carrier signal allows to encode information in it. And the parameter of this signal changes according to information signal.

Below we will consider frequency modulation, as FM-radio stations – the most popular, and it is more pleasant to talk about what is familiar. In frequency modulation, the signal does not change in amplitude. In accordance with changes in the level of the information signal, the frequency of the carrier oscillation changes.

How a radio works
The simplest radio receiver contains a receiver and a transmitter. The transmitter must send the signal and the receiver must receive it.

In doing so, the receiver does not just transmit, but encodes the signal using modulation. The transmitter also has to do the reverse, that is, decode the signal. And then we get the same signal that was transmitted to us.

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Wire broadcasting in the present time is not attractive to almost all advertisers in our country. This is due to the fact that the solvency of its listeners and its popularity is very low.

It is the first – third button, respectively. The main advantages of this type of radio broadcasting include high sound quality and minimal interference. The receiver is very simple and relatively inexpensive. Also, the advantages include energy independence and high reliability.

But the disadvantages of wired radio is the fact that for its work is necessary to lay branched cable lines. To listen to this type of broadcasting uses a stationary receiver, and the number of listening programs is limited.

Most new buildings today are built without wired radio. Although newly built schools and houses are not allowed by law to be handed over without it. This is due to the civil defense requirements of our state. After all, this wire radio is not only the dissemination of the usual mass information. One of its main tasks is the rapid notification of the population in the event of an emergency in the country in wartime or peacetime.

Even during the Second World War with the help of wire radio warning the entire population about the impending raids of the enemy aircraft. It was virtually the only source of information at the time. Today, these receivers must be present in all medical institutions of our capital near each bed. It will allow to inform the patients about the impending danger in time.

Thanks to the rapid development of technology and equipment, modern home receivers were able to displace stationary receivers from the market. Broadcasting by loudspeakers, which used to stand on practically every pole and building, has also ceased.

Wired radio is present in many countries around the world. In some of them it operates through the telephone line. The sunset of wired radio was provoked by the increase in tariffs for its service, unprofitability, dissatisfaction of the elderly (pensioners).

In rural areas, the poles through which wired radio was laid have long since disappeared, and the cables themselves have been stolen. The new four-channel receivers were of rather poor quality. About 25 percent of them have been returned to the manufacturer.

It is true that there is also pirate wired radio. As you know, official radio broadcasting does not work at night. This is when the pirates connect to it, broadcasting their own programs. They still find their, albeit small, audience.

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Radio transmitters transmit information at a certain frequency of electromagnetic radiation. Such a radio transmitter and its accompanying equipment (power and communication channels, antennas, towers or masts, studios) are called a radio station.

Frequency itself is a fundamental factor in any such radio station. Originally, in the era of radio (early decades), wavelength was used to denote such oscillations. Accordingly, the scales of all radio receivers were graduated in meters. Nowadays, the frequency (kHz, MHz and GHz) is shown here.

Sound in broadcasting is modulated using the carrier frequency of the transmitter.

This is done using the following modulation methods:

Frequency (FM). It is used to carry out high-frequency radio broadcasting in the 66 to 108 MHz frequency range.

Amplitude (AM). It is used in other bands where the wavelengths are longer. This includes medium-wave broadcasting on CB, KV, DV, and DRM digital broadcasting.
On the ultra-short VHF band, letters and numbers can be transmitted in addition to audio data.

Radio communications and broadcasting equipment
A radio communication device is a type of electrical communication. A radio link is made using radio waves.

To make a radio call, you have to install special radio transmitting equipment at the point at which the signal is to be transmitted. This consists of a transmitting antenna and a signal transmitter. And in the place where it is planned to receive this signal, a radio receiver device is installed, also with an antenna and a receiver.

All electromagnetic oscillations generated in the transmitting equipment with a carrier frequency are subject to modulation, relying on the message being transmitted. All these radio frequency oscillations and constitute a radio signal.

In the transmitting antenna, the signal comes from the transmitter. As a result, electromagnetic waves are excited. As the waves propagate, they reach the antennas of the receivers themselves, where they excite electrical vibrations inside.

It is the radio waves that arrive at the radio receiver. But this signal is very weak. That is why the signal is initially amplified in the receiver, and only then is it decoded or demodulated. The signal is then converted by the playback equipment into a message which is completely identical to the original signal.

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Broadcasting radio today represents almost the last section of the electronics market.

The mass transition to digital technology has only just begun here. But the transition is necessary and driven by global progress in the entire digital industry, and by the unification of computer technology, information services, broadcasting and communications into one common system.

In the not-too-distant future, there will be a completely different, more powerful radio broadcasting, of high quality, without interference, not what we hear today. It will be a completely new place for the creative development of radio as an art of communication with its users, through the interactive exchange of information.

Today, digital broadcasting is getting a lot of attention from most of the industrialized countries of the world. What is so special about it? First of all, it opens the possibility to transmit radio programs of a high quality level comparable with the CD quality. Most of all, the differences will be noticeable with LF, SW and UHF waves in amplitude modulation mode.

DAB is adopted as the main standard for digital radio broadcasting. The audio signal can be transmitted at speeds ranging from 48 kbps to 320 kbps. MPEG-2, which is similar to MP3, is used as an audio compression standard.

As you know, 256 Kbit/s bitrate does not differ much from CD quality, and only an expert can tell the difference with 320 bitrate. So, we can safely say, that modern DAB radio can fully satisfy the needs of every audiophile and radio listener with its high quality sound.

Reception of radio signals for mobile users (in cars, ships, trains, etc.) also becomes more reliable. This increases the demand for DDR even more. The reason for this is that during such mobile radio listening there is the possibility of overlapping waves that come from the same source. This includes the Doppler effect, which changes the wavelength depending on the speed of the receiver itself.

All this affects the quality of the receiving signal. Digital broadcasting makes it possible to use coding that is resistant to interference. This ensures a correct and clear perception of all transmitted data.

In addition, digital receivers can automatically select the most powerful signal.

DSP systems quite easily provide and addressable receipt of information. In such receivers can be implemented pager functions. Finally, digital broadcasting has tremendous potential to be integrated with cell phones and computers.

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One of the main characteristics is the power dissipation. The power dissipation is the power that a resistor can dissipate without being damaged. It is measured in watts. It is calculated by the formula power=current2 * resistance, or P = I2R

Every substance has its own resistance, some are very large (wood, plastic), others are small (metals, liquids). The resistance depends on the material (gold has less resistance than aluminum), on the length of the conductor (direct correlation: the longer the greater the resistance) and on the area of the cut of the conductor (the greater the area, the less resistance).

Now let’s talk about the use of permanent resistors in circuits.
If you did not find a resistor with the right resistance when assembling the circuit, you can put two or more resistors in series (their total resistance will be the right resistance). You can put them in parallel and find their resistance by the formula 1/Robsh = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.

Basically we will use carbon resistors. If you break it down (for the sake of interest, of course), you will see a layer of ceramic covered with a thin carbon film.

Most resistors are labeled with color bars (usually four, less often five), or a numerical designation. For example, 1R means that the resistor has a resistance of 1 ohm, 1.5K means 1.5 kilohms (1500 ohms). You can find the resistance by color banding using an online service: resistor color-coding calculator.

There are also variable resistors that have the ability to change their resistance. They are used to change current, voltage, etc. (for example: change the volume and tone). Most often on a circuit diagram are shown as follows:
Variable resistor designation

About their types below.

Variable resistors are:
1) Single and twin
2) Single and multi-turn
3) With or without switch

By nature of resistance change:
1) Linear i.e. In proportion to the angle of rotation of the axis (group A)
2) Inversely logarithmic, i.e. gradually increasing at first, and then sharply increasing (group B)
3) Logarithmic (group C)
4) And others (groups E, I).

There are wire-wound and non-wire-wound (film) variable resistors. Wire-wound resistors are characterized by high stability, a relatively low level of their noise and low TCR.

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The wave nature of radiation
Electromagnetic interaction between objects is subject to electromagnetic theory based on Maxwell’s equations. He assumed that electric and magnetic fields have closed lines of force – vectors of intensity, oscillating perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. These waves propagating in space create an electromagnetic field. Their existence and wave nature were later proven experimentally.

An electromagnetic wave is an electric and magnetic field that mutually transform into each other.

Scale of electromagnetic radiation
Processes in space and the objects that are there generate electromagnetic radiation. The wave scale is a method of recording electromagnetic radiation.

A detailed illustration of the spectral range is shown in the figure. The boundaries on such a scale are conventional.

Electromagnetic wave types and their wavelength ranges
Type of wave Wavelength
Radio waves Over 1 meter
Microwaves 1mm to 1 meter
Infrared 700 nm to 1 mm
Visible light 380 nm to 700 nm
Ultraviolet 10 nm to 380 nm
X-rays from 5nm to 10nm
Wavelength ranges of electromagnetic waves

Infrared radiation
Between radio waves and visible light lies the infrared (thermal) radiation region. In industry this radiation is used for drying paint surfaces, wood, grain, etc. Infrared rays are used in remote controls, automation systems, security systems, etc.

Interestingly, many wildlife has a kind of “night vision device” that can perceive infrared beams.

Radio waves
Electromagnetic waves of the radio range are the most commonly used in technology. They are used in mobile communications, radio broadcasting, television, for detection and recognition of various objects (radiolocation), to locate objects (GPS-navigation, GPS-monitoring, etc.), to communicate with spacecraft, etc..

Microwave – a device that uses radio waves of high frequency (usually
Hz)

Radio waves have made human life much more comfortable. However, they affect the general condition of humans and animals, and the shorter the waves, the stronger the organisms react to them.

Microwaves.
Microwaves are most commonly associated with the microwave oven, and this is just one of many possible applications. They are produced by special electronic tubes. Microwaves propagate easily through the air, even under adverse atmospheric conditions (fog, precipitation). This is why they are used in radars, devices used to determine location. Radars are used in meteorology, for example to track rain clouds. Microwaves are also used in radio and satellite communications, i.e. between satellite and Earth (telephones, faxes, data transmission) and between satellites.

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A capacitor is a device that is used to store electricity because of the dielectric (non-conductive material) used in it. On wiring diagrams, it is marked with a symbol resembling two large letters T placed on its side and facing each other with their tops. From a practical point of view, if a device fails due to a damaged capacitor, the most important question is how to check whether the capacitor is in working order. If its visual inspection does not answer this question, you should measure the two most important parameters that define each capacitor: capacitance and series resistance.

What kind of household appliances have capacitors?

Although the principle of capacitors is always the same, they use different dielectrics (insulators). Therefore, in terms of design, capacitors are divided into ceramic, foil and electrolytic. In household appliances, the latter are the most common, and can be found in every device with a motor and electronics.

Why are capacitors used in household appliances?

Capacitors in household appliances have two functions: starting and protection against interference. Their use in the starting function is related to proper motor starting, and the interference suppression effect ensures the electromagnetic compatibility of electrical devices. What it means. Most electrical and electronic devices emit interference, among other things the correct parameters of the electrical network.

How do I check a capacitor?

How do I check the inrush and interference suppression capacitor at home? Can it be done without using specialized equipment? Why is it important to detect such a defect at all?

The only capacitor whose efficiency can be evaluated in some cases without the use of any devices is an electrolytic capacitor. Unfortunately, the absence of damage to other types of capacitors as well as electrolytic defects in most cases can only be evaluated by measuring capacitance and series resistance.

How to check an electrolytic capacitor?

In some cases, a damaged electrolytic capacitor makes it much easier to identify its failure because of the use of electrolyte as an insulator. This type of capacitor behaves like an old battery, that is, it “bulges” and you can visually detect electrolyte leakage in it. Such a capacitor with a bulging bottom and contaminated by leaking chemicals should of course be replaced immediately. However, if the capacitor looks visually good, all that remains is measurement.

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